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- FACT SHEET: MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER
- (UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE)
-
-
- Earth's upper atmosphere is a dynamic and critically
- important shield protecting living creatures from the Sun's
- ultraviolet radiation. In recent years we have learned that this
- shield is fragile and vulnerable to the destructive effects of
- man-made chemicals.
- NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) is
- designed to help scientists understand the nature and dynamics of
- that shield and the chemical processes that affect it.
- One of the instruments aboard UARS is the Microwave Limb
- Sounder (MLS), developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- (JPL) for this satellite and other scientific missions.
- The Microwave Limb Sounder scans the atmosphere from top to
- bottom at the edge, or limb, of the Earth's disk, collecting
- natural thermal microwave radiation emitted by gases in the
- atmosphere. It is specifically designed to measure ozone, the
- high-altitude gas that screens solar ultraviolet; chlorine
- monoxide, the key chemical agent in the ozone destruction
- process; and water vapor. The MLS will also measure atmospheric
- temperature and pressure.
- Scientists analyzing the microwave data will be able to see
- the abundances, temperatures and pressures of the gases observed
- as a function of altitude and geographic location, and to
- construct three-dimensional maps of these gases in the
-
- stratosphere and mesosphere, at altitudes of 10-80 kilometers (6-
- 50 miles) over nearly the whole globe.
- The spacecraft's orbital cycle, repeating every 36 days,
- will permit scientists to study time histories of the changing
- gas compositions. One of the notable features of the Antarctic
- ozone hole is its seasonal variation.
- Microwaves are the shortest of the radio wavelengths, but
- longer than infrared and visible light. The MLS collects
- radiation of 1.5-5 millimeters in wavelength; TV broadcasts
- travel on waves of 1 to 10 meters, a thousand times longer. Like
- other natural electromagnetic radiation, microwaves are emitted
- by gas molecules or other matter as a consequence of thermal
- energy, with a frequency pattern or signature identifying a
- particular type of molecule or atom.
- Analyzing these frequency signatures to deduce chemical
- composition is called spectroscopy. This technique is widely
- used in the visible and infrared spectral regions; other UARS
- experiments employ infrared spectroscopy. However, only the MLS
- will see spectral indications of chlorine monoxide. Microwave
- sounding combines the best possible spectral resolution and
- sensitivity, and can measure temperature and pressure
- independently of the composition information.
- The MLS instrument weighs 280 kilograms (about 620 lb),
- compared to a total spacecraft mass of 6,800 kilograms. The
- instrument package, including the microwave telescope,
-
- spectrometer assembly, and control and signal electronics, is 2
- meters wide, 2 meters high, and 1 meter deep -- about the size of
- a Volkswagen beetle.
- Its primary parabolic-dish mirror will scan an 80-kilometer
- (50-mile) vertical range in the atmosphere in small steps. The
- mirror is 1.6 meters (63 inches) by 0.8 meter (31 inches). It
- has a vertical resolution of 3.5 kilometers or about 2 miles,
- looking at the limb from an orbital altitude of 600 kilometers
- (372 miles). Developmental models of the MLS have flown in
- aircraft at about 13 kilometers (43,000 feet) and free-flying
- balloons up to about 40 kilometers (131,000 feet).
- The microwaves captured by this telescope are split into
- three bands, converted into electrical signals and further
- filtered electronically to produce signals directly related to
- the target gases. These are sent to the spacecraft for recording
- and transmission to Earth, where they are analyzed and
- interpreted. The MLS instrument uses 163 watts of electric
- power, supplied by the UARS.
- Principal investigator of the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder
- experiment is Dr. Joe W. Waters of JPL. Co-investigators include
- Dr. Robert S. Harwood of Edinburgh University (Scotland), Dr.
- Gordon E. Peckham of Heriot-Watt University (Scotland), and Drs.
- Lee S. Elson, Lucien Froidevaux, Robert F. Jarnot, Herbert M.
- Pickett, William G. Read and William J. Wilson of JPL.
- The instrument was developed and managed at JPL for NASA's
- Office of Space Science and Applications; project manager is GaryK. Lau. The UARS project, of which this experiment is a part, is
- managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, where the project
- manager is Charles Trevathan and the project scientist is Dr.
- Carl A. Reber.
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- 8/28/91 JHW